IMPORTANT NOTES FOR CLASS 9

  3 to 5 marks questions- Que1) Define democracy. State 2 merits and 2 demerits of democracy.   Ans) Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people. 2 merits of democracy are: 1)It respect people's own wishes and  allows different kinds of people to live together. 2)It allows to correct the mistakes and offers more dignity to all citizens. 2 demerits of democracy are: 1)Leaders keep changing in a democracy leads to instability. 2)There is no scope for morality and is all about political competitions and power play. Que2) "Elections in China do not respect people's verdict." Explain. Ans) In China, elections are held after every five years for electing the country's parliament, Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui(National People's Congress). Before contesting elections, a candidate needs the approval of the Chinese Communist Party. The government is always formed by the Communist Party. Therefore, the elections held in China are not fr

                                   (Why Democracy?) ARGUMENTS AGAINST DEMOCRACY- 1) Instability: Leaders keep changing in a democracy. 2) No scope for morality: Democracy is all about political competition and power play. 3) Delay in decision making: So many people have to be consulted in a democracy. 4) Bad decisions: Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people. 5) Corruption: Democracy is based on electoral competition. 6) Ordinary people don't know what is good for them; they should not decide anything. CONCLUSION- Democracy is not a magical solution for all the problems. It has not ended poverty in our country and in other parts of the world. It only ensures that people take their own decisions, and does not guarantee that their decisions will be good. People can make mistakes and involving people in decision making leads to delay. Democracy leads to frequent changes in leadership, which can set back big decisions and affect the government's efficie

 WHAT IS DEMOCRACY?WHY DEMOCRACY? (What is democracy?) Defination: Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.  FEATURES OF GOVERNMENT- Major decisions by the Elected Leaders: Case of Pakistan- 1) In october 1999, General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup. 2) He overthrew a democratically elected government. 3) He declared himself the 'chief executive' (2000) of the country. 4) Later he changed his designation to president. 5) In 2002 he held a referendum in the country that granted him a five year extension. Pakistani media, human rights organisation and democracy activists said that that referendum was based om malpractices and fraud. in august 2002-He issued a ' Legal Framework Order ' that amended the constitution of Pakistan. According to this order- the President can dismiss the national and provincial assemblies. The work of the civilian cabinet is supervised by a National Security Council which is dominated by military o

                                  MODALS Defination: Verbs such as must, may, ought to, should, will, etc. that are used to express necessity, possibility, permission, intention, etc. are called modal verbs . They are auxiliary verbs and so they are also called modal auxiliary verbs.  Ability and possibility-  Can, could, able to  These words can be used to show ability or possibility. Can is used in present and future tense.  Example: 1) She can drive a car. (ability, present tense) 2) The dam can break any time.(possibility, future tense)  Could is used in past, present and future time.  Example: 1) The car could break any time.(possibility, future tense) 2) I could mimic bird sounds when I  was younger.(ability, past tense) Able to  Example: 1) You will be able to speak perfect English very soon.(possibility, future tense) 2)I have been able to swim since I was five.(ability, present tense) May, might, could  We use may or might to show probability or possibility.  May indicates a

                       DETERMINERS Defination : A determiner is a word that is placed just before a noun to give additional information about that noun.  Types of Determiners: Articles, Demonstrative, Possessives, Quantifier, Cardinals, Ordinals, Distributive, Predeterminers, Interrogative    ARTICLES:  Article is an adjective. It is used to indicate the identity of the noun. There are 2 types of articles Definite article (the) and Indefinite article (a,an). Examples: 1) She is the brilliant student. 2)I had an  egg for breakfast today. 3)I have finally got a good job.  DEMONSTRATIVE: A word that directly indicates a person/thing or few people and few things. Demonstrative words are this, that, those, these. Examples: 1)I have heard about this wonderful garden. 2) That story is written by Akshay Kumar. 3)I remembered  those stars. 4) These flowers are very beautiful. POSSESSIVES: Possessives are words that show ownership or relationship between people or things. Possessive words are my

                         INDIA- SIZE AND LOCATION   Location- 1) India is located in northern hemisphere. 2) It lies between the latitude-  8°4’N and 37°6’N and longitude- 68°7’E and 97°25’E. 3) Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line, at an angle of 23.5 degrees North from the equator, that passes through the middle of India. 4) Andaman and Nicobar Island (   union territory of India ) lies to the Southeastern coast of India in Bay of Bengal. 5) Lakshadw eep Island ( union territory of India) lies to the Southwestern coast of India in Arabian Sea. Size- 1) Area of India is 3.28 million square kilometers. 2) India occupies 2.4% of total land area of the world. 3) It is the 7th largest country in world. 4)India shares its 15,200 km land boundary with neighbouring countries. 5)The total length of the coastline of the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km . 6) 2 hours of time lag between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh , due to the longitudinal

    MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS What is matter ? Matter is a thing around us which contains mass.  Physical nature of matter 1) Matter is made up of particles- air, water,sky, earth and fire. Atoms and molecules are the particles. 2) How small are these particles of matter- It is so small that it cannot be seen by normal microscope. It I seen by elercton microscope called Scanning Tunnelling Microscope and its images is very blur.  Characteristics of particles of matter  1) Do they have space between them- It depends on the states of matter whether its solid, liquid or gas.  2) Are they continuously moving- It depends on Diffusion. 3) Do they attract each other- It depends on the force of attraction, in solids very much force of attraction is there, in liquid it's little less than solid and in gas it's minimum. States of matter -  Solids-  1) Molecules are closely packed and have high density. (Density= Mass/Volume) 2) Have definite shape and volume - It has fixed shape because